跳至正文
←
手記

門上的貼紙與四十四封信

記一位學者談研究的話,五種前例

2026-10-11發表約 8 分鐘讀後記研究統計

1991 年 7 月,嚴耕望在舊金山灣區寓所寫〈從師問學六十年〉。1錢穆已於前一年八月去世。嚴耕望手邊有兩種材料,一是抗戰時在成都齊魯研究所三年的日記,二是 1967 年以後錢穆從臺北寄來的四十四封信。23 日記按日而記,三年的事可以照日子排下來;信卻只寫庭園、詩、治學、校書四類事,日期散在十五年間,照日子排不出線索,所以後半得另想辦法。另有兩件事要先定下來:錢穆的話與嚴耕望的體會,分開寫還是合在一處寫;錢穆前後的說法有出入時,記哪一次。底下另外四份文本的作者,各有各的處理。《Statistical Science》的 A Conversation with 系列由同行或學生訪問一位資深統計學家,本文取 1994、2011、2013 年的三篇;Hamming 1986 年的演講則講觀察同事三十年的心得。4

先看學生寫老師的一篇。Panaretos 於 2009 年訪問業師 Brillinger。56Brillinger 柏克萊辦公室的門上貼一張紙,寫 2π≠12\pi \neq 1。Panaretos 請老師替外行人解釋,Brillinger 說那幾個字向來拿來當個人標誌,喜歡讓人猜;至於來歷,有一回學生 Irizarry 衝進辦公室喊:找到了,2π2\pi 不等於 1。7Irizarry 當時算出來的數字與理論值對不上,於是取一個答案已知的例子,將全部步驟模擬無數遍,終於查出程式的結果差了 2π2\pi 的倍數,因為頻率按弧度計與按週期計,正差這個常數。8 全篇分七節,前六節依 Brillinger 的生平,由多倫多的少年時代寫到加州;第七節以門上那張紙為題,Panaretos 到此才問:「Is that your research strategy? How do you attack problems? How do you find or choose them?」9 Brillinger 答以一長串合作者:地震學家、海洋生物學家、林務局的研究員。題目由合作者帶來,而合作者須 Brillinger 去找,初到柏克萊便走去地震站,「They didn’t come to me」。10 既按時期排,Brillinger 從 Tukey 學到的東西便寫在普林斯頓一節。11Tukey 常須向沒有數學根柢的聽眾講統計,Brillinger 在旁聽了多次,後來講課亦照此辦法,「In a sense, you probably lie a bit」,拿一個不盡準確的比喻說給聽眾。12 所以要知道 Brillinger 選題的方法,須讀到第七節,前六節中相關的話散見各處,並不集中。

同行問同行的例子,1993 年 Reid 訪問 Cox,前後兩日。1314整理稿以 Cox 幾篇代表作為節名:條件推論、隨機過程、實驗設計、二元資料、比例風險。Reid 各節起頭先問節名所指的論文,第一節開場便問:「Your 1958 paper on conditioning [6] was presented when you were in North Carolina?」方括號中的號碼指向文末著作目錄。15 末三節沒有對應的論文,講讀書、理論與應用、受過的鼓勵。Cox 說一生只用過一次教科書上課,因為教科書的用處在供授課教師挑選材料,何者重要由教師判斷。Cox 又說大學裡的統計諮詢有一種危險,容易變成替其他學科搶救水準不高的博士論文,應該去請教那個學科最好的科學家。16

訪談體保留提問者的話。Reid 說 Cox 早年做過許多應用工作,Reid 推測應用的經驗影響了 Cox 以後的研究。Cox 回答:「I was involved in all these applications but it wasn’t what I was interested in. I was interested in mathematics.」Cox 當年志在做分析學家或數學物理學家,並未想做統計學家。17 Reid 的推測與 Cox 的更正並排印在稿中。需要補背景之處,編者以方括號插話:Cox 年輕時在 Neyman 的研討會上用了 Dirac 的 delta 函數,Neyman 不以為然;整理稿在對話之後補一句,說 Schwartz 1950 年與 1951 年的兩本書後來給 delta 函數建立了數學基礎。18

Aldous 2012 年訪問 Diaconis,而 Diaconis 1984 年受過一次訪問。1920Aldous 開頭便說明,早年的事既然 1984 年問過,此次不再問,從 1984 年往後談。21 生平於是略去,九節各談一個題目。末節 Aldous 原樣引出 1984 年的問答:當年問 Diaconis 將來打算做什麼,Diaconis 答「just going crazy, working hard, learning more math」;Aldous 說預測準確,「So let me ask the same question again」,Diaconis 答:「Yes, I still like working hard and learning more.」Aldous 又引 Diaconis 1984 年說過的兩件事,一是合著的文章越來越多,二是幸好統計不是每兩個禮拜就要發一篇的行業,然後拿兩期《Annals of Statistics》對照:1981 年 9 月號十七篇文章中十篇單一作者,2011 年 10 月號只剩兩篇,總頁數由不到兩百頁增至將近五百頁。22 1984 年與 2012 年的話並列一頁,Aldous 不加評論。

受訪者答話時標出年份。Cox 說年紀越大越對應用有興趣,「But as late as 1955, certainly as late as 1950, I would have still seriously considered giving up statistics」。23 關於寫作,Cox 說近一年才想通,簡練「is not something to strive for so much as something to fight against」,因為所受的訓練向來一個多餘的字都不寫。24 關於 1972 年的比例風險模型,Cox 以後來知道的結果看,說「I think I would normally want to tackle problems parametrically」,底層的風險函數取 Weibull 之類。25

Panaretos、Reid、Aldous 各寫一兩天的訪問,嚴耕望寫錢穆,所寫的年月自 1941 年至 1990 年。〈從師問學六十年〉從小學老師、中學老師寫起,1941 年 3 月錢穆到嘉定武漢大學講學一個月,同年 8 月嚴耕望到成都齊魯研究所從錢穆讀書,1944 年春離開四川,1945 年秋進中央研究院歷史語言研究所,1964 年 8 月到香港新亞研究所任教。26全文依時間分段,段與段之間隔一行星號。引錢穆的話,嚴耕望必先寫日期與場合,再寫所引出自何處:「一九四二年九月二十八日,師生多人徒步旅行到新都賞桂,當日途中,先生談得很多,我在日記中寫下了兩千多字。例如先生説:」底下照錄錢穆的話,讀書人立志總要遠大,專守一隅做得再好也只是第二流。27

書中沒有對話體,錢穆的話與嚴耕望的話靠句式分開。嚴耕望在齊魯的講論會上報告兩漢地方官吏的籍貫限制,據一千多條事例統計,朝廷任命的地方長官不用本地人,長官任用的屬吏則用本地人;嚴耕望原以為不過是小結論,錢穆聽了卻說極重要:秦漢剛由分裂進入統一,長官用外地人,不易生出割據之念;屬吏用本地人,因為本地民情只有本地人清楚。嚴耕望寫完錢穆的推論,另起一句:「這一席話啓示我們研究問題時,不但要努力的搜取具體豐富的材料,得出真實的結論,而且要根據勤奮的成果,加以推論、加以發揮,使自己的結論顯得更富意義。」28 錢穆說過讀書人未成名時找一碗飯吃不容易,成名了又東拉西扯,不能安心讀書。嚴耕望引完寫:「這番話顯然是先生切身經驗與感受。」隨即說明當時錢穆名氣日盛,常須赴重慶開會講演,所以有此感慨。29 「顯然」二字標明推斷出於嚴耕望。與老師看法不同之處亦照寫。嚴耕望最佩服同學錢樹棠,錢穆卻說樹棠前途不如嚴耕望,因為「個性執著,程度雖好,但很難發得開」。30嚴耕望寫當時不敢相信,後來才服先生有遠見,「但我另有一種想法」:錢樹棠搜了幾十萬字史料而不肯動筆,因為眼光標準太高;再有一層,嚴耕望有幸進中央研究院能專心讀書,錢樹棠則沒有進中央研究院的機會。31

錢穆 1967 年遷居臺北,嚴耕望在香港,見面不多,「見面時談得多,但記錄甚少」。可用的材料只剩十五年間四十四封親筆信,自 1967 年 7 月 31 日至 1982 年 7 月 1 日,最後兩封字跡已不易辨識。寫到四十四封信,嚴耕望改換排法:「檢視這些親筆信件,參合我斷續的歲月錄,值得作一綜合敍說的,有下列各端」,分為經營庭園、誦賞詩篇、論治學蹊徑、校訂國史大綱四項,各項之下引信為證。32

老師前後說法不同,嚴耕望兩邊並記。在齊魯時錢穆告誡:「你將來必然要成名,只是時間問題;希望你成名後,要自己把持得住,不要失去重心;如能埋頭苦學,遲些成名最好!」嚴耕望說此番告誡影響極大,五十年來凡事低姿態,有了名聲之後儘量不講學、極少出席會議;隨後補一句:「不過到了我中年以後,先生却又鼓勵我多講學,啟迪後進」。33 錢穆的建議嚴耕望採納了沒有,書中亦有交代。1955 年嚴耕望寫完唐僕尚丞郎表,下一步或徹底整理兩唐書,或做唐代人文地理,兩件各須一生之力,嚴耕望拿不定主意,趁錢穆來臺北時請教。錢穆說整理兩唐書必是不朽之作,「但把一生精力專注於史籍的補罅考訂,工作實太枯燥,心靈也將僵滯,失去活潑生機;不如講人文地理,可從多方面看問題」。嚴耕望寫:「立即決定放棄兩唐書的整理計劃,專心歷史人文地理的研究。至今仍感到這是正確的抉擇,但此當歸功於先生數言的啓發。」34

1986 年 3 月 7 日 Hamming 在 Bell Communications Research 演講,聽眾是幾十年間身邊的同事,開頭先講觀察從何而來。在 Los Alamos,Hamming 受聘管理計算機,好讓物理學家回去做正事,身邊有 Feynman、Fermi、Teller,上司為 Bethe,「I was envious. I wanted to know why they were so different from me」。轉到貝爾實驗室之後 Hamming 繼續問 Los Alamos 的物理學家何以不同,讀傳記,遇到人便問「How did you come to do this?」35 演講正文分條講成功研究者的特質,勇氣、年輕時的獨立思考各佔一條,各條之下舉 Hamming 親見的人與事。36 講到重要問題的一條,Hamming 在貝爾實驗室餐廳走到化學組的桌子,問可否同坐,坐下先問「What are the important problems of your field?」,一週後問「What important problems are you working on?」,再過一陣子問,既然所做的事不重要,又引不到重要的事,為什麼在貝爾實驗室做。「I wasn’t welcomed after that; I had to find somebody else to eat with!」37 講到一半 Hamming 總結一次,講完再總結一次,最後一部分為聽眾問答。38 逐字稿由 Kaiser 整理,前言交代錄音中 Hamming 的話全程清楚,提問者的話有一部分聽不清;聽不清之處,Kaiser 在括號內寫下所聽出的大意,提問者凡認得出的,逐一向本人核對。3940

文本 誰寫誰 材料 排列 距所記之事
Panaretos 訪 Brillinger(2011) 學生問老師 2009 年一次訪談 前六節按生平時期,第七節按題目 當場
Reid 訪 Cox(1994) 同行問同行 1993 年兩天的訪談 各節以一篇論文為題,末三節按議題 當場,年份由受訪者自標
Aldous 訪 Diaconis(2013) 同行問同行 2012 年的訪談,續 1984 年的訪談 按研究題目 當場,與 1984 年的答案並列
Hamming 講演(1986) 本人自述 Los Alamos 與貝爾實驗室的觀察、傳記 按研究者的特質 三十餘年
嚴耕望〈從師問學六十年〉(1991) 學生記老師 日記、1967 年起的四十四封信、回憶 按從學時期,書信時期改按主題 五十年

表:五份文本的寫法對照。嚴書的五十年,起點為 1941 年嘉定初聽課,終點為 1991 年下筆。

Hamming 觀察了三十幾年,才列出特質的清單,何者算證據由 Hamming 判斷。訪談當場問當場答,年份出自受訪者口中,Cox 回頭說 1955 年以前仍想過放棄統計。錢穆 1955 年勸嚴耕望改做人文地理,嚴耕望 1991 年寫到 1955 年的請教,人文地理的研究做了三十多年,所以寫「至今仍感到這是正確的抉擇」。嚴耕望排列材料的辦法亦隨材料而變:齊魯三年留有日記,正文按日期分段;1967 年至 1982 年沒有日記,只有錢穆的四十四封信,正文改按信的內容分為庭園、詩、治學、校書四項。

  1. 嚴耕望,《錢穆賓四先生與我》下篇,第 41 至 101 頁,歷史學家。1941 年起在成都齊魯研究所從錢穆讀書,後任職中央研究院歷史語言研究所與香港新亞研究所。 ↩
  2. 錢穆,《錢穆賓四先生與我》下篇,第 41、92 頁,歷史學家。1941 年到嘉定武漢大學講學時嚴耕望初次聽課,1967 年遷居臺北,1990 年 8 月 30 日過世,享年九十六。 ↩
  3. 嚴耕望《錢穆賓四先生與我》,下篇〈從師問學六十年〉,第 41 頁,「我自一九四一年三月在嘉定武漢大學聽先生講課,至今首尾五十年,回憶追隨往事,悼念無已。」 ↩
  4. Richard W. Hamming,Kaiser 前言與主持人引言,1946 年進貝爾實驗室,在那裡三十年;1986 年演講時是加州蒙特瑞海軍研究院的教授。 ↗ ↩
  5. David R. Brillinger,訪談篇首簡介,生於多倫多,普林斯頓數學博士,Tukey 的學生;1970 年起任柏克萊統計學教授,指導過四十篇博士論文。 ↗ ↩
  6. Victor M. Panaretos,訪談作者簡介,瑞士洛桑聯邦理工學院(EPFL)統計學助理教授(2011 年時),Brillinger 的學生。 ↗ ↩
  7. Rafael Irizarry,第七節,Brillinger 的學生,得過 COPSS 青年統計學家獎。 ↗ ↩
  8. Panaretos, “A Conversation with David R. Brillinger”, 2011,第七節,談門上貼紙的一段,「Victor: On your office door in Evans Hall there is a sticker: 2π ≠ 1. Would you care to elaborate on this for the uninitiated? David: Oh well, yes, that’s my logo! I usually like to make people figure it out. It goes back a long way. Here’s one story: this student, Raffa (Irizarry) whom I have mentioned already, was just a joy. … One day he ran into my office saying, “I found it! 2π is not 1!” He had discovered what was going wrong in his computations by simulating the basic procedure countless times for a known case. His answer was out by a multiple of 2π.」 ↗ ↩
  9. Victor M. Panaretos, “A Conversation with David R. Brillinger”, Statistical Science 26(3), 2011,第 1 至 7 節的節名;第七節題為 “2π ≠ 1” ↗ ↩
  10. Panaretos, “A Conversation with David R. Brillinger”, 2011,第七節,「Victor: Is that your research strategy? How do you attack problems? How do you find or choose them? David: I find them by people interacting with me, or by my asking them. As I mentioned earlier, when I arrived in Berkeley, I went over to the Seismographic Station. They didn’t come to me.」 ↗ ↩
  11. John W. Tukey,訪談篇首簡介,普林斯頓的統計學家,Brillinger 1961 年博士論文的指導教授。 ↗ ↩
  12. Panaretos, “A Conversation with David R. Brillinger”, 2011,第三節 Princeton,談 Tukey 與 David Freedman 的段落,「I think Tukey often found himself explaining things to people who didn’t know much mathematics. I paid attention to how he did that. I would like to think that I’m not bad at doing that too. In a sense, you probably lie a bit, I mean you probably use an analogy or a metaphor at some point, which is not quite right, but people get the idea.」 ↗ ↩
  13. David Cox,訪談篇首簡介,英國統計學家。1966 至 1988 年任倫敦帝國學院統計學教授,1988 年起任牛津 Nuffield College 院長,1994 年退休。 ↗ ↩
  14. Nancy Reid,訪談作者簡介,多倫多大學統計學教授。 ↗ ↩
  15. Nancy Reid, “A Conversation with Sir David Cox”, Statistical Science 9(3), 439–455, 1994,各節節名;Conditional Inference 一節首句,「Reid: Your 1958 paper on conditioning [6] was presented when you were in North Carolina?」 ↗ ↩
  16. Reid, “A Conversation with Sir David Cox”, 1994,Books 與 Encouragement 兩節,「I would refer the students to several different books, and see the role of books as backup for the teacher of a course, the opportunity to choose what he or she thought was important. Not to set out an exact prescription for somebody to follow. … There’s a great danger I think that statistical consulting, so-called, in universities can end up rescuing not very good or bad doctoral theses in other subjects, rather than talking to the leading scientists in those subjects.」 ↗ ↩
  17. Reid, “A Conversation with Sir David Cox”, 1994,WIRA and Cambridge 一節,「Reid: The opportunities that you had to be so involved with applications in these early years seem to me to have influenced all your later work. Cox: I was involved in all these applications but it wasn’t what I was interested in. I was interested in mathematics. I wanted to be either an analyst or possibly a mathematical physicist, didn’t want to be a statistician.」 ↗ ↩
  18. Reid, “A Conversation with Sir David Cox”, 1994,Conditional Inference 一節,編者方括號,「[Schwartz’s books (Schwartz, 1950, 1951) established a mathematical foundation for the study of Dirac delta functions.]」 ↗ ↩
  19. Persi Diaconis,訪談篇首簡介,1945 年生於紐約,1974 年哈佛博士,1998 年起任史丹佛數學與統計學教授。 ↗ ↩
  20. David Aldous,訪談作者簡介,柏克萊統計系教授。 ↗ ↩
  21. David Aldous, “Another Conversation with Persi Diaconis”, Statistical Science 28(2), 269–281, 2013,第一節首段;全篇九節的節名,「You were interviewed in October 1984 for a Statistical Science conversation article [7], so I won’t ask about your earlier personal and academic life, but try to pick up from that point.」 ↗ ↩
  22. Aldous, “Another Conversation with Persi Diaconis”, 2013,第九節 Modern Times,「The current (October 2011) Annals of Statistics has only 2 out of 17 articles being single-authored, whereas going back 30 years (September 1981) it was 10 out of 17. Incidently, the total length of the 17 articles increased from under 200 pages to almost 500 pages. … Your answer in 1984 to “what does the future hold for you?” was “just going crazy, working hard, learning more math.” I think we can agree that prediction was correct. So let me ask the same question again. … Diaconis: Yes, I still like working hard and learning more.」 ↗ ↩
  23. Reid, “A Conversation with Sir David Cox”, 1994,WIRA and Cambridge 一節,「Oh, as I got older, I got more and more interested in applications. But as late as 1955, certainly as late as 1950, I would have still seriously considered giving up statistics.」 ↗ ↩
  24. Reid, “A Conversation with Sir David Cox”, 1994,Books 一節,「Well, I’m gradually coming around to the idea, and this is something I’ve only learnt perhaps in the last year or so, that it’s not something to strive for so much as something to fight against. All my inclination, and all my training, is to write with not an unnecessary word.」 ↗ ↩
  25. Reid, “A Conversation with Sir David Cox”, 1994,Proportional Hazards 一節,「In the light of some of the further results one knows since, I think I would normally want to tackle problems parametrically, so I would take the underlying hazard to be a Weibull or something. I’m not keen on nonparametric formulations usually.」 ↗ ↩
  26. 嚴耕望《錢穆賓四先生與我》,附錄一〈我對傅斯年孟眞先生的感念〉與下篇〈從師問學六十年〉,第 152、170、105 頁,「我是民國三十四年秋天進入中央研究院歷史語言研究所的。……三十三年春天,因爲想回家看看年屆八十的老父,走到重慶,中原戰事復起,襄陽老河口通道斷絕,只得停留下來。……一九六四年,我之來香港中文大學新亞書院研究所任教,說來事出偶然。……遂於八月尾來到香港。」 ↩
  27. 嚴耕望《錢穆賓四先生與我》(臺北:臺灣商務印書館,1992),下篇〈從師問學六十年〉,第 62 頁,「一九四二年九月二十八日,師生多人徒步旅行到新都賞桂,當日途中,先生談得很多,我在日記中寫下了兩千多字。例如先生説:「我們讀書人,立志總要遠大,要成爲領導社會、移風易俗的大師,這纔是第一流學者!專守一隅,做得再好,也只是第二流。」 ↩
  28. 嚴耕望《錢穆賓四先生與我》,下篇〈從師問學六十年〉,第 56 至 57 頁,「所以這一條法規極有意義,不可等閒視之。這一席話啓示我們研究問題時,不但要努力的搜取具體豐富的材料,得出真實的結論,而且要根據勤奮的成果,加以推論、加以發揮,使自己的結論顯得更富意義。」 ↩
  29. 嚴耕望《錢穆賓四先生與我》,下篇〈從師問學六十年〉,第 67 頁,「這番話顯然是先生切身經驗與感受。當時他在學術界、在社會上,名氣日盛,邀請講學的很多,又要常常到重慶,開會講演,浪費不少精力與時間,所以有此感慨。」 ↩
  30. 錢樹棠,《錢穆賓四先生與我》下篇,第 60 至 61 頁,嚴耕望在武漢大學與齊魯研究所的同學。 ↩
  31. 嚴耕望《錢穆賓四先生與我》,下篇〈從師問學六十年〉,第 60 至 61 頁,「先生曰「樹棠個性執著,程度雖好,但很難發得開!」當時我還不敢相信,後來才佩服先生真有遠見!但我另有一種想法,樹棠的才學不能得到發揮,可能與他的眼光標準太高有關。」 ↩
  32. 嚴耕望《錢穆賓四先生與我》,下篇〈從師問學六十年〉,第 92 頁,「見面時談得多,但記錄甚少,而自一九六七年先生到臺北後七月三十一日第一封信,至一九八二年七月一日最後親筆信,共凡四十四封,最後兩信文字已不易辨識,故自後有事都由師母寫信。檢視這些親筆信件,參合我斷續的歲月錄,值得作一綜合敍說的,有下列各端:」 ↩
  33. 嚴耕望《錢穆賓四先生與我》,下篇〈從師問學六十年〉,第 67 至 68 頁,「「你將來必然要成名,只是時間問題;希望你成名後,要自己把持得住,不要失去重心;如能埋頭苦學,遲些成名最好!」……五十年來,我對於任何事都採取低姿態,及後薄有浮名,也儘量避免講學,極少出席會議,都與先生此刻的告誡不無關係。不過到了我中年以後,先生却又鼓勵我多講學,啟迪後進,仍見先生無時不在關心學術、關心社會!」 ↩
  34. 嚴耕望《錢穆賓四先生與我》,下篇〈從師問學六十年〉,第 77 至 78 頁,「但把一生精力專注於史籍的補罅考訂,工作實太枯燥,心靈也將僵滯,失去活潑生機;不如講人文地理,可從多方面看問題,發揮自己心得,這樣較爲靈活有意義。」我深感先生這一番話極有意義,立即決定放棄兩唐書的整理計劃,專心歷史人文地理的研究。至今仍感到這是正確的抉擇,但此當歸功於先生數言的啓發。」 ↩
  35. Richard W. Hamming, “You and Your Research”, 1986 年 3 月 7 日 Bell Communications Research 講演,J. F. Kaiser 逐字稿,講演正文第二、三段,「I saw I was a stooge. I saw that although physically I was the same, they were different. And to put the thing bluntly, I was envious. I wanted to know why they were so different from me. … I continued subsequently by reading biographies, autobiographies, asking people questions such as: “How did you come to do this?” I tried to find out what are the differences. And that’s what this talk is about.」 ↗ ↩
  36. Hamming, “You and Your Research”, 1986,講演正文,各項特質的起句,「One of the characteristics you see, and many people have it including great scientists, is that usually when they were young they had independent thoughts and had the courage to pursue them. … One of the characteristics of successful scientists is having courage. … Another trait, it took me a while to notice.」 ↗ ↩
  37. Hamming, “You and Your Research”, 1986,講演正文,談重要問題的一段,「Over on the other side of the dining hall was a chemistry table. … And I started asking, “What are the important problems of your field?” And after a week or so, “What important problems are you working on?” And after some more time I came in one day and said, “If what you are doing is not important, and if you don’t think it is going to lead to something important, why are you at Bell Labs working on it?” I wasn’t welcomed after that; I had to find somebody else to eat with!」 ↗ ↩
  38. Hamming, “You and Your Research”, 1986,“Let me summarize.” 與 “In summary, I claim…” 兩段;第四部分 Discussion – Questions and Answers ↗ ↩
  39. J. F. Kaiser,逐字稿前言,Hamming 這場演講逐字稿的整理者。 ↗ ↩
  40. J. F. Kaiser,“You and Your Research” 逐字稿前言,1986,前言第二段,「While the recording of Richard Hamming’s talk was completely intelligible, that of some of the questioner’s remarks were not. Where the tape recording was not intelligible I have added in parentheses my impression of the questioner’s remarks. Where there was a question and I could identify the questioner, I have checked with each to ensure the accuracy of my interpretation of their remarks.」 ↗ ↩